Ethical Ethics Of The Ethical System Essay - 2078 Words

Do you think people believe that ethical systems are important to the world, or do you believe you have to actually learn about it to understand? The main focus of this paper is to better understand the ethical system. Ethical system is defined as beliefs of being right or wrong; it can be from religious values or even personal experiences. The topics I will focus on is teleological, then talk a little about the differences between deontological and teleological. Secondly, my current ethical system that best fits me. Third, major influence in my life that pushed me into my specific ethical system. Fourth, my current career plans, Firth ethical issues associated with my profession, and lastly, examples of specific ethical dilemmas that professionals in my career path have to face. Based on the ethical system we have discussed in class is ethic of care. Teleological mean judges behaviors based solely on their consequences. According to the lecture, teleologist believes that cheating; lying, torturing and killing can be moral in some circumstances but not all. The rightness or integrity of an activity is somehow dictated by the results, which take after from the demonstration. According to Frankena, a definitive standard of what is ethically right or wrong is the esteem brought into being. The last assurance must be founded on the near measure of good delivered or the similar adjust of good over fiendishness created. In this manner, a demonstration is correct if and just ifShow MoreRelatedEthical Systems : Ethics And Ethics Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pages Ethical System Reflection The Ethics in Justice course has outlined various ethical systems. This was done using the course textbook: Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice HUM 3350 Custom Edition by Lethbridge College, and peer presentations on each of the ethical systems outlined in the text. Ethical systems provide a foundation, in a variety of areas, for individuals in determining, morals, and actions within their lives (Pollock, 2015). Individuals may fit various characteristicsRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Ethical Systems872 Words   |  4 Pages The Ethical Systems In ethics, four systems serve as different beliefs concerning our morals: Relativism Ethics, Consequentialism Ethics, Deontological Ethics, and Virtue Ethics. These four theories attempt to define what right and wrong should be and how one should handle any situation. There are many strengths and weaknesses of each view. The goal is to determine which theory is the best by exploring real world situations and questioning the claims that just don’t work out. RELATIVISM ETHICSRead MoreThe Ethical Ethics Of The Court System2198 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract This paper is going to be over the ethical misconduct that comes when working for or in a court system. Daily there are criminals being sent to prison and being released from prison; some for crimes that they committed, some for crimes that they were just there at the wrong time for. But is there ever a time where people are sent to serve a sentence for a crime they did not commit? The answer is yes. Many of the public do not have a strong liking for lawyers, judges, or mainly just peopleRead MoreImportance Of Business Ethics On Previous And Current Literature Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of business ethics in previous and current literature Previous Methodologies used for Studying Business Ethics Majority of the literature reviewed relied heavily on questionnaires and surveys as the chosen methodology. According to Rowley (2014), questionnaires are the â€Å"most widely used means of collecting data† (p. 308). However, when designing a questionnaire or survey researchers should consider the type of questions being used, sensitivity of questions asked, content and lengthRead MoreEssay on Teleological and Deontological Ethical Systems916 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarities and differences in deontological and teleological ethical systems. Each of the ethical systems will be discussed in a compare and contrast so that they are made clear to what they mean. There are seven major ethical systems that are either deontological systems or they are teleological systems. Teleological and Deontological Ethical Systems When looking at two separate definitions and trying to tellRead MoreEthics And Morality Are The Same Thing812 Words   |  4 PagesWhen discussing ethics, people often think ethics and morality are the same thing. But in order to understand ethical leadership, it can be beneficial to view these two concepts differently. One of the most important ethical philosophers of modern times has been John Rawls, who made a clear distinction between comprehensive moral systems and less comprehensive systems. The distinction can help better understand the idea of ethical leadership. To Rawls, the two differ in the following manner: †¢ ComprehensiveRead MoreEthics in Criminal Justice Administration1433 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Ethics in Criminal Justice Administration CJA 484 Lori Madison Nowhere is ethical behavior more important than the administration of criminal justice. Lack of ethical behavior undermines the purpose of the criminal justice system. The cost of unethical behavior will be the downfall of the criminal justice system and only by gaining a true understanding of what ethical behavior is and how to maintain it will the system continue to flourish. While the ethical standard individualsRead More Personal Ethics Development Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pages Ethical behavior and development are traits and skills that are always improving. Although the skills are improving the basic make up remain the same. The ability to incorporate character, morals, and values encourage a person’s ability to enhance the ethical behavior of an individual. This paper will define the ethical system used to best develop a person, discuss the potential effect that can become beneficial to the corporate environment and explain why organizations need ethics within theR ead MoreA Paper on Ethics1255 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Introduction There are a variety of different ethical systems that have developed of the course of millennia. However, even though the subject has been covered so thoroughly, it is still heavily debated. The varieties of ethical systems that are in existence look at various ethical problems from different perspectives and can be applied differently in different circumstances. Because of the subjective aspects to applying ethics, they can be as much an art as they are a science. EthicsRead MoreOrganizational Ethics934 Words   |  4 PagesWeek Three Managerial Ethics †¢ Identify typical ethical problems of managers. †¢ Recognize differences in ethical behavior and responsibility between an employee and a manager. Course Assignments 4. Readings †¢ Read Ch. 6 7 of Managing Business Ethics. †¢ Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5. Learning Team Instructions †¢ Begin preparing for the Ethics in the Workplace Case Study Action Plan Presentation due in Week Five by reading one of the following case studies

Key Engagement Drivers Of The Companies Operating Across Asia

Asian economy is currently emerging from the major financial crisis. Savvy organizations are more focused on long term sustainable business success- to increase productivity and profitability by utilizing human capital efficiently. The most recent innovation to increase company’s profitability is to engage the employees towards their work. Robinson and Hay (2003) mentioned employee engagement as an evolution of past research which focuses on employee satisfaction, motivational approaches and commitment. This is a modernized version of job satisfaction. According to Robert J. Vance (2006), employees who are engaged in their work and committed to their organizations give companies crucial competitive advantage- including higher productivity and lower employee turnover. Now-a-days the companies’ objective is to retain the best talents and manage their performance for increasing company’s productivity and revenue. The aim of my research is to identify the key engagement drivers of the companies operating across Asia. There is no magic formula to engage employees towards the business but a constant and flexible procedure to satisfy and motivate employees for long term business success. The key engagement drivers work as a â€Å"bridge† between the employee and employer. Thus, employees will achieve the opportunity to develop their career, trust their leaders for setting the goals and at the same time company will achieve the business success in long run. The area I selected forShow MoreRelatedFedex Apac Hr Shared Services Center in Wuhan1506 Words   |  7 Pagesrecording or otherwise-without the permission of CEIBS. 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Today, the airlines operates across a network of 175 destinations in 42 countries covering all over the world with approximately 30,000 employeesRead MoreCorporate Strategy of Adidas8206 Words   |  33 PagesProduction is in Europe (27%), Asia (51%) a nd America (22%). Adidas has now switched from its past vertical integration strategy to the outsourcing in production and manufacturing. Most of the products of the company like sports shoes, apparels, accessories and equipment are manufactured in the Asian countries. The reason for outsourcing the manufacturing is the lower cost of raw material and labor in Asian countries. In 1993, Adidas moved its production overseas to Asia in order stay competitive inRead MoreGlobal Strategies and Winning Strategy of First Philippines Holding Corporation2240 Words   |  9 Pagesinfrastructure businesses. First Philippine Holdings are maintaining strong foundations in the Philippines and using it as a basis to build their infrastructure business as one of the world’s leading infrastructure businesses .For become a global company and sustain their market share first Philippines holding use the various global and winning strategy which are Grow in new geographies and market sectors, Del iver greater value to clients, Improve operational performance and cost effectiveness andRead MoreInformation Technology Term Paper6794 Words   |  28 Pagesof Contents Business System Planning (Week 1) Introduction 4 Identify how the following critical success factors will be addressed by case study 5 Governance 5 Business plan alignment 6 Process improvement 6 Resource optimization 6 Operating excellence 7 Identify how the following critical success factors will be addressed by case study 7 Business management issues 7 Strategic and competitive issues 7 Planning and implementation concerns 8 Operational items 8 Identify howRead MoreAlibaba Group : The Biggest E Commerce Company5180 Words   |  21 Pages1. 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Thuss, the greateer a supplier’s exposuree to U.S.-bassed companies, the greater will be b the impactt on its perforrmance, in ou ur view. Still, we believe th hat 1 This case borrows he eavily from an ea arlier case: Robeert Kaplan, â€Å"Dom mestic Auto Partts,† HBS No. 1055-078 (Boston: H Harvard Businesss School PublisshingRead MoreLufthansa Airlines6749 Words   |  27 Pagessince World War II. The aviation group pulled ahead of its competitors and reversed a loss of â‚ ¬744 million in 2001 into an operating profit of â‚ ¬718 million in 2002. In 2003, the war in Iraq and the SARS disease demanded that, more than ever before, Lufthansa draw on its ability to cope with crises. Overcoming change-tiredness and continuous re-energizing were seen as the key management challenges in 2003. Strategic Issues: How to maintain sustainable success and secure its future as the leader

Why a President Must Persuade Free Essays

According to Richard E. Neustadt, ‘The power of the American president is to persuade. ’ I am going to analyse this statement in my essay, by answering why a president must persuade, looking at the relationship between the president and government, giving examples of when persuasion has worked and when it hasn’t, focusing on other ways the president can influence and finally ending with a conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Why a President Must Persuade or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, why is it important for the president to persuade? The power to persuade is seen as an informal power as it is not clearly expressed in the constitution. It is important as presidents need to persuade other branches of government to influence policy; they even have to do this in their own branch (the executive) e. g. influencing cabinet secretaries. Due to all the branches of government, it means that power is dispersed and concentrated in different places; this can make it complex for the president to exert his own influence especially if there are opponents. Without the support of the Senate or the House of Representatives the president has only slight power, due to the checks and balances imposed on the president, power is reduced. Persuasion needs to take place in order to influence all sectors of the government so they can facilitate their policies, this supports the conception that the power of the American president is to persuade. Where has persuasion worked? When Bush was justifying the Iraq war, Colin Powell spoke in his favour and he furthered bi-partisanship with Democrats, who was the opposing party at the time. By showing this alliance, it meant that policies would have no problem going through Congress (reducing deadlock), this supports Neustadt. Where persuasion has not worked? An example was when President Eisenhower failed to persuade a governor. At the time were African-American students were not allowed in a school, which lead to a Supreme Court case (Brown vs. The Board of Education) and it resulted to the students being allowed to attend. Sadly, the governor did not agree and so Eisenhower had a meeting with him and failed to persuade him to allow them to attend, this showed that Eisenhower was not even good at persuading those in his own government, showing he was a ‘weak’ president. If persuasion is not acquired, it means that power is reduced, which reflects how the president is portrayed. For the president to be persuasive they must be charismatic and have the ability to influence the voters and those who can make their legislative goals happen. If a president has the ability to influence then it shows great leadership. Neustadt focuses on three traits a president must have to be successful: having the power to persuade, a good professional reputation and public prestige, with all these components put together they would be seen as a strong president. Professional representation, the term Neustadt used was ‘Washingtonians’ who are people in government (governors, military leaders, congress etc). The better the reputation of the president, the easier they will find it to negotiate, pass legislation and implement policy. I mentioned earlier that power is dispersed everywhere due to the separation of powers, meaning that it could be possible that someone may have great power and influence other than the president, which can be a problem for the president this means he must always be aware of them. How to cite Why a President Must Persuade, Essay examples

Model and Preliminary Empirical Evidences †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Model and Preliminary Empirical Evidences. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to propose a small project for the students who are trying to get financial help to their project from the Government of Australia. The Australian government is offering funds to the small business owner to expand their organization. We are looking forward to propose a project which meets all the criteria of Australian government to get the financial funds. The Australian Government has pointed out some criteria which the proposed project should meet to get the approval of the financial funds. The criteria which are set by the government are The project should have its own unique characteristics. It should not be based on franchises. The project should be completed within the period of one year The approved budget for the project should be less than $ 40000. Large profit can be generated with minimum start-up cost No other donation plan should be approved by other investors In this paper, we are proposing a project of accounting system required to analyse the income from green manure composting program for upgrading the economic condition of the rural areas. The total budget required for the project is $ 35,560 Project Background Green manure composting is the project which helps in raising the economic condition of the rural areas people and also helps in managing ecological balance by proper handling of the waste generated. The project is proposed for the rural areas of New South Wales, Australia to promote earning from the agricultural wastes which is collected in the location. The sustainability of the project can be achieved by getting approval of financial funds from the government of Australia. It is the new source of income for the farmers. In this proposal, we are going to develop an accounting system for managing the sale and purchase of the manure, income earned in relation to investment , calculation of return on investment (ROI), return on equity (ROE), and return on Assets (ROA). The implementation of the proposed project has positive impact on measuring the growth of the rural people, environmental condition, preservation of the ecological balance, and settlement of the agricultural and the kitchen waste of the surrounding. The proposed project requires very low budget for its implementation. The chemical fertilizers which are used for increasing the productivity of the agricultural field is directly affect the health of the common people and give rise to many diseases like blood cancer, diabetes, and etc. The nutrients of the vegetables and fruits are degraded with the use of chemical fertilizers (Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, 2015). There is a single solution to these problem is to promote the green manure composting because it will increase the quality of the nutrients present in the vegetables and food. The environmental can be kept clean by decomposing the agricultural waste into the development of green manure composition. The objectives of the proposed project are as follows: Measuring the income earned by the sale of green manure Automatic system for measuring the profitability of the farmers It helps in managing the agricultural and the kitchen waste of the community Promoting profit of the rural people by sailing of the green manure Keeps the environment clean Adding nutrients to the vegetables and fruits Improving the quality of the food items Improving the yield per hectare of the agricultural farm by making use of green manure for farming Earnings of the rural people can be improved Positive effect can be seen in the health of the common people Increasing the fertility of the soil Long term sustainability of the agricultural farms Problem Definition The farmers are inefficient in managing their income with accuracy there is no scheduling of cost related activities in their daily curriculum plan. The ineffective cost management program for the farmers can affect the working schedule due to the limitation of funds in completing their activities. The improper management of earning will affect the growth of the farmer (Carneige Mellon university, 2014). The farmers are unable to measure their profit earned by them throughout the year. The proposed system helps in analysing the return of investment which the farmer earned by establishing the plant of green manure. The excessive use of chemical insecticides and pesticides had degraded the quality of nutrients in the fruits and vegetables which have a direct impact on the health of the common people. The people are get affected with diseases like cancer, diabetes, and etc. due to the poor quality of the food item which they eat. The handling of the waste is another important step for t he growth of environment. From the recent study of environment, it has been noticed that the pollution level of the environment is increasing with 0.5 % daily due to the inefficiency in handling waste produced from different sources. The step should be taken to promote ecological balance by managing agricultural and kitchen waste effectively with the proposed project of green manure composting. The investment on the raw material supplied to the project is zero. The green manure composting program is the best solution to resolve the problem of environmental handling program and increasing profitability action plan for the ferment with minimum of their efforts in investment. The population explosion had increased the demand of agricultural products. The productivity of the agricultural lands should be increased in terms of yield per hectare. The step should be taken to manage the supply and demand of the agricultural products among the people for sustainability. The agricultural land is limited in relation to the population growth. The solution to this problem is to increase the yield harvested per hectare. This can be effectively done with the application of proper fertilization of the farm. Traditionally, the farmers make use of chemical pesticides and insecticides for increasing the productivity to meet the demand of the population which has an adverse effect on the population health. The serious disease are caused due to the excessive chemicals in their body which is due to the chemical absorbed in the vegetables and fruits which thy eat. The current market trends of increasing productivity should be transformed with the proposed project of green man ure composting program. The automation system in the management of cost motivates the farmers to take step forward in increasing their earning from the proposed program. The project proposed is of very low cost and efficient in providing very high result of accuracy. The addition of green manure to the land will increase the fertility of the soil without any chemical ingredients which in turn increase the yield cultivated per hectare. The quality of the vegetables and fruits get improved due to the accumulation of high nutrients in it. The availability of the nutrients in the soil results in the long term sustainability program of the agricultural practices. The research analysis helps in analysing that the farmers ar not aware of the green manure composting program. The arrangement of the educational program on the green manure composting motivates the farmer to look towards it for increasing the productivity of their farm. Benefit to the community The Government of Australia has taken many steps, policies and procedures for promoting the economic condition of the Farmers and rural people to bring dynamic changes in their living standard. The accuracy in the management of the cost program for the farmers helps in promoting their growth at the national level (Marriott, 2015). The proposed project of accounting system for green manure composting helps in increasing the profitability of the rural people by the development and sailing of the green manure. The automation system in the management of cost motivates the farmers to take step forward in increasing their earning from the proposed program (CROS, 2015). The project proposed is of very low cost and efficient in providing very high result of accuracy. The agricultural waste collected and converted to the green manure helps in cleaning the environment and promoting the earning of the rural people. The productivity of the agricultural field can also be improved by utilizing the green manure for agricultural practices in spite of pesticides and insecticide. The chemical fertilizers damage the nutrients of the production (European Commission, 2016). The expected outcome of the project are accuracy in the cost benefit ratio, calculation of return on investment in relation to the value of asset, the proper management of the agricultural and the kitchen waste of the community, promoting profit of the rural people by sailing of the green manure, efficient in keeping the environment clean, capable of adding nutrients to the vegetables and fruits, improving the quality of the food items, improving the yield per hectare of the agricultural farm by making use of green manure for farming, earnings of the rural people can be improved, positive effect can be seen in the health of the common people, and helpful in increasing the fertility of the soil. It results in long term sustainability of the agricultural farms (Rayns, 2013). The project is proposed for achieving the sustainable growth in the economic condition of the rural people. The integration of the farming activities helps in managing the supply and demand of the agricultural prod uct among the population. The proposed project is capable of getting the financial funding from the government of Australia because it is fulfilling all the criteria set by the government such as the project should have its own unique characteristics. It should not be based on franchises, the project should be completed within the period of one year, the approved budget for the project should be less than $ 40000, large profit can be generated with minimum start-up cost, and no other donation plan should be approved by other investors (Belfort, Martens, and Frietas, 2016). The efficiency of the proposed project can be improved by getting approval of funds from the government of Australia. Project Requirement The basic requirement of the proposed accounting system for management of profit earned by green manure program for farmers are summarised in the table below: Project Requirement Specification Efficient in handling customer requirement Ease of handling Management of dashboard Graphics Icons Automatic generation of cost report Use of Six sigma strategies Management of Green manure Inventory management Billing facility For the sale of the product User Friendly Direct buttons for accessing Assumptions Availability of expert Availability of inventory report Financial Funds required for the project Occurrence of droughts and floods can affect the productivity Cost Matrix The total budget of the project is $ 35,560 Particulars Proposed Budget Techical Equipment $ 22,000 Experts Engaged $ 5000 Mortage $ 560 Training and educational program $ 2000 Power Supply $ 2500 Hardware specification $ 4000 Software specification $ 2500 Total Budget $ 35560 Six Sigma tools are used for analysing the cost matrix associated with the development of the project. Risk Identification and Management Risk Identified Area affected Potential Impact Probability Risks Mitigation program Occurrence of floods and drought Agricultural land and crop productivity High Low Diversification in the crop sown Initialization of drainage system Outbreaking of crop disease Less crop productivity Medium High The entrance of animals should be restricted in the agricultural farm Change in market trends Affects the return of investment High Medium Training and educational program for guiding the people about the benefits of green manure composting Lack of Knowledge Affects the return of investment Medium High Training and educational program for guiding the people about the benefits of green manure composting The earning of the farmers gets affected due to the occurrence of flood and drought which directly affect the cost management system implemented for the betterment of the farmers to calculated their return on investment for the year. The positive increment in the profit creates a feeling of satisfaction and vice-versa can demotivate them. Time Schedule Project on Green Manure Composting program Phases Sub-activities Start Date Finish date Project Motivation and initialization Survey of the agricultural field 25 April, 2018 30 April, 2018 Survey of the environmental reports 01 May, 2018 05 May, 2018 Initialization of data gathering procedures 06 May, 2018 16 May, 2018 Initialization of project requirement 17 May, 2018 22 may, 2018 Analysis of impact on community 23 May, 2018 31 May, 2018 Requirement gathering and analysis phase Analysis of the agricultural field 01 Jun, 2018 10 Jun, 2018 Analysis of the environmental report 11 Jun, 2018 18 Jun, 2018 Development of strategic approach 19 Jun, 2018 27 Jun, 2018 Scheduling of the green manure composting program activities 28 Jun, 2018 07 Jul, 2018 Analysis of land required 08 Jul, 2018 15 Jul, 2018 Development of cost matrix 16 Jul, 2018 22 Jul, 2018 Development of the risks matrix 23 Jul, 2018 05 Aug 2018 Development of the time schedule plan 05 Aug, 2018 14 Aug, 2018 Project Design Phase Designing of the green manure composting plant 15 Aug, 2018 23 Aug, 2018 Land required for collecting agricultural waste 24 Aug, 2018 28 Aug, 2018 Set up of the proposed project 29 Aug, 2018 06 Sep, 2018 Production Phase Designing of the process required for converting the waste into green manure 07 Aug, 2018 15 Aug, 2018 Schemes for sailing of the green manure 16 Aug, 2018 23 Aug, 2018 Arrangement of educational and awareness program 24 Aug, 2018 30 Aug, 2018 Implementation phase Working of green manure plant 31 Aug, 2018 10 Sep, 2018 Analysing profit earned 11 Sep, 2018 22 Sep, 2018 Feedback of the farmers 23 Sep, 2018 30 Sep , 2018 Conclusion: From the recent study of environment, it has been noticed that the pollution level of the environment is increasing with 0.5 % daily due to the inefficiency in handling waste produced from different sources. The step should be taken to promote ecological balance by managing agricultural and kitchen waste effectively with the proposed project of green manure composting. The investment on the raw material supplied to the project is zero. The cost management accounting system for the farmers helps in analysing their profit earned from the new project of green manure system. It helps in getting accuracy in the daily management program of earning of the farmer. It provides systematic approach for handling their daily curriculum activities. The handling of the cost in buying the raw material, cost spend in supply of the product, cost spend on mortgage program, earnings from the sale of manure and agricultural products, and others can be efficiently done by the proposed accounting system fo r the farmers utility program. The automation system in the management of cost motivates the farmers to take step forward in increasing their earning from the proposed program. The project proposed is of very low cost and efficient in providing very high result of accuracy. The economic growth of the farmer is the first step in increasing the nations economy. The government has designed many policies and procedures for promoting farmers. This project will aid an efficiency in the earning program of the farmers. The Training and educational program helps the farmer to gain knowledge about the benefits of cost accounting system organized for calculating the earning of farmers from the proposed project of green manure composting. References Belfort, A., Martens, C., and Frietas, H. (2016). Enterpreneurship in project management system: Proposal of a model and preliminary empirical evidences. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1807-17752016000300405 [Accessed 13 Apr. 2018]. Booz, Allen, and Hamilton. (2015). Earned value management tutorial. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://science.energy.gov/~/media/opa/powerpoint/Final_Module_4.ppt [Accessed 13 Apr. 2018]. Carnegie Mellon university. (2014). Cost control Monitoring and accounting. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.cmu.edu/cee/projects/PMbook/12_Cost_Control,_Monitoring,_and_Accounting.html [Accessed 13 Apr. 2018]. CROS. (2015). Cost Management Plan. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://capmf.cio.ca.gov/pdf/templates/samples/BOE_CROS_CostManagementPlan.pdf [Accessed 13 Apr. 2018]. European Commission. (2016). Report on phase 1 of the knowledge innovation project on an integrated system of natural capital and eco-system services accounting. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/capital_accounting/pdf/KIP_INCA_final_report_phase-1.pdf [Accessed 13 Apr. 2018]. Marriott, E. (2015). Making and using compost for organic farming. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://articles.extension.org/pages/18567/making-and-using-compost-for-organic-farming [Accessed 13 Apr. 2018]. Rayns, F. (2013). Green Manures. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.organicresearchcentre.com/manage/authincludes/article_uploads/iota/technical-leaflets/green-manures-leaflet.pdf [Accessed 13 Apr. 2018].

The Rights Of Punishment Essays - Punishments, Criminology

The Rights Of Punishment Wake Up Call Is this a hellish nightmare that I have to awaken from? Caged and confined, thinking and pondering, I wonder what human is this that he should be subjected to imprisonment that neither improves nor corrects his soul? Is there no compassion for restoring a man to contribute to this nation? Or does the dark side of humanity see offenders of the law as utter undesirables unworthy of aid and therapy? Society, I have been tried and sentenced. Serving time for violating the law is not supposed to be a picnic. But demoralizing and dehumanizing a man to the dust of the ground does not correct behavior that got him incarcerated in the first place. This only fuels the fire, a fire which, if not handled properly, will in time burn everything in its path. Now who is the real criminal? Cell 52514 Block 2-229 Crescent City Penitentiary Everyday, the American prison system becomes more crowded and over-burdened. Prison bed space cannot keep up with the prison population. While presidents and governors call for a ?tough stance? on crime, the infrastructure is inadequate to contain all offenders. However, even if there were enough room to fit every individual that commits a criminal act, would this be the best move for the community and the offender? Placing an individual into a prison removes them from the general population, thus making the society they live in safer. But, separating individuals in a community does indirectly injure the community as a whole. These individuals obviously are no longer contributing to the local economy, but on a basic level, their absence places a hole into a community. Offenders have been shaped by the values and practices of their community. So, even though an individual may have acted in a way that is unacceptable to their community, that person is still the product of his community . Therefore, communities must hold some of the burden for making people into who they are. So, prisons must do more then just contain offenders. A responsible society must make the effort to rehabilitate these individuals and make strides to re-connect them with the community. As Bill McKibben says, ?Isn't it time to focus harder on substantive problems, such as how do we build a society that doesn't destroy the planet by its greed, and doesn't ignore the weak and the poor (McKibben, p. 720).? Much attention has been given to issues of big business versus the environment. People can sympathize with this cause. Though it may not be as glamorous, it is just as important that society's addresses the needs of the less fortunate. Even though criminals who commit the most heinous crimes receive the majority of public attention, most offenders are not intrinsically evil or irreversible. Often they are weak individuals who may not have received the best upbringing or have instilled in them a set of values incompatible with the community. McKibben feels that it is important not to ignore these unfortunate individuals, and give them an opportunity to re-engage with society in a mutually acceptable way. Therefore, prisons need to train offenders to exist with the rest of society. In the book, C-Unit, the authors suggest that prisons fulfill a certain role. The modern prison is asked to perform three tasks: (1) to make explicit in action that the community will not tolerate certain destructive behaviors; (2) to protect the community, for at least temporary periods of time; and (3) to prepare such persons to be responsible members of the community when they are released from prison. (Studt, Messinger and Thomas, p. 3) By containing prisoners within the confines of a jail, they are removed from the community at large, thus protecting the community. In addition, by making this prison stay punishment, inmates, for the most part, realize that they acted in a way that was unacceptable. Preparing individuals for re-integration into society is where the role of a prison becomes complex. A prison stay is unlikely to reform any criminal if it only means that they are separated from the community and there is no drive to change. The first change that needs to be addressed is on the value system of an inmate. Without this, it is only superficial to urge

Thermal Barrier Coating Example

Thermal Barrier Coating Example Thermal Barrier Coating – Term Paper Example Review on Thermal Barrier Coatings Introduction Escalating energy demands require design and development of novel materials and technologies. Generation and transportation of energy is predominantly done using gas turbines. For efficiency purposes, systems such as the Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) have been incorporated into gas turbines (Osorio, Toro& Hernndez-Ortiz 149). Typically, TBBs are used to provide thermal insulation for components of metallic that are emitted by the combustion gases, leading to a reduction in the substrate temperature from around 1000C to around 3000. The TBCs are made of excellent mechanical properties and provide rupture and corrosion resistance at very high temperatures. While in application, the material of TBCs changes its behavior. The top coat sinters as it changes its mechanical properties as well as its thermal conductivity. Additionally, when exposed to high temperatures the oxidation and microstructural changes due the depletion of elements. N ormally, exposure to high temperatures makes the mechanical and thermal loading increases the level of residual pressure existing at the interface between the metal and the ceramic. With time, in terms of interface delamination will raise within the material system. Ultimately, the delamination damage becomes so severe that the material buckles and large pieces of the top coat (TC) flake off. As a consequence of the diminishing coat, the underlying metal starts to overheat with an obvious risk of severe oxidation as well as leading to creep-damage if the component is stressed up mechanically (Brodin et al.). To use a gas turbine in an economic and an effective way, it is advantageous to maximize the time between overhaul and inspections with maintained mechanical integrity. Therefore, a variety of different tools is used to assess the spallation fatigue life for all thermal barrier coatings. This review paper seeks to look into the use of thermal coating, and how it functions in suc h uses. Further, this review paper highlights different ways how thermal coating is produced, and finally it discusses some possible application of Thermal coating.Work CitedBrodin,H., Jinnestrand, M., Johansson, S,& Sjà ¶strà ¶m,S. Thermal Barrier Coating Fatigue Life Assessment.Viewed 11th June 2015..Osorio, J, Toro, A, & Hernndez-Ortiz, J. Thermal Barrier Coatings for Gas Turbine Applications: Failure Mechanisms and Key Microstructural Features. 2012. Viewed 11th June 2015. .

Columbine Attack and its Results Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

Columbine Attack and its Results - Case Study Example Most importantly, it shows that outer appearances can be deceptive and hide cruelty, twisted mindset and general tendency to vandalism. Parents and authorities should have got alert with the first offense, howsoever minor, and consulted a good psychiatrist to unravel the psychology of young students, who were otherwise intelligent and seemingly well mannered. Parents had never tried to go into the depth of the things when they had come across their children’s criminal behavior, including the making of homemade bombs. The authorities should also have investigated the activities, including cyber activities of the students and studied the characteristics of a psychopath, before letting them get into the program and allowed early release. The evildoers are always people who use covert behavior to hide their true intentions. The evil activities and criminal behavior are never an isolated act but are characterized by a trend or pattern of criminal acts. Thus, if the person has committed a criminal activity, it is important to investigate his past actions and take the help of psychologists to assess deviant personality. No, Harris and Klebold should not be forgiven for their assault on Columbine High School. They are a strong example of abnormal personality with a devious mindset and violent tendencies. The attack was deliberately carried out in an educational institute, targeting innocent children and faculty members. The basic objective was to create an environment of terror for the sole purpose of personal satisfaction. Moreover, it was also an expression of hatred against people at large. Thus, their acts must be condemned publicly and not forgiven. The parents had taken lightly the criminal activities of their children and shown scarce concern for discipline or punishment to improve them. Such type of parental neglect gives the wrong signal to children and encourages them towards unsocial activities and acts of violence. Hence, parents should also have been held responsible for the acts of their children and served as an early alarm for those parents who ignore minor and not so minor evil or criminal activities of their children within and outside the home.

Employment law problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employment law problem question - Essay Example The change in time prevents him from seeking employment elsewhere. His case is different from that of his fellow workers who can manage to work for other employers2. He is restricted from engaging in other activity because he has to be around his work place just in case residents require his help. His job requires that he remains standing throughout his job time and he is therefore qualified for employment on full time compensation. 3 Husain’s agreement with his employer indicates certain aspects that qualify him as an employee and not merely an individual on contract: he is obligated to undertake work even after the end of his shift, the obligation is mutual and he is expressly and impliedly under the control of his employer to a sufficient degree. Mutuality of obligation between Hussain and Caring Community Ltd requires him to undertake work when he is not in his shift thereby granting his employment status and rights. In the case Wilson v Circular Distributors Ltd, there was a provision similar to that of Hussain and Caring Community Ltd. In the case, Mr. Wilson was not required to be paid at times when there was no work available for him. His employer, Circular Distributors Ltd, argued in a tribunal that the provision of ‘no work no pay’ did not equate into an employment relationship4. However, the employer’s appeal tribunal ruled that owing to the fact that Mr. Wilson and his employer had a mutuality of obligation where Mr. Wilson was required to accept the job if and when it was available; it amounted to an employment relationship5. From the ruling, he would be paid even for the hours that he was not working. Applying his precedence in Husain’s case shows that he is entitled to payment for the hours that he is sleeping based on mutuality of obligation and his status as an employer6. Hussain is entitled to payment even when under rest. According to employment rights act, employees working under the zero hour

The Human Microbiota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Human Microbiota - Essay Example The gut microbiome takes part in broad range host related processes and has remarkable effect on human health (Greenblum, Peter and Elhanan 1). The gut microbiome has been straightforwardly caught up in the etiopathogenesis of a number of pathological conditions. These include: inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD’s), Autism, Circulatory disease and Obesity. In addition to that, gut microbiome also influence: immune system response as well as conditioning, dietary calorific availability, post-surgical recovery and drug toxicity plus metabolism. Gut Microbiome as well conducts significant physiological roles that define the host, such as: intestinal response, immune system maturation, xenobiotic as well as energy metabolism and epithelial cell injury repair (Kinross, Ara and Jeremy 1). The gut microbiome, in most mammals, mainly consists of 4 bacterial phyla that execute most of the various physiological processes in the host, these include: Actino-bacteria, Fermicutes, Proteobacteria as well as Bacteriodetes. Every host has a characteristic biological association with its gut microbiome plus by definition this controls individual threat of disease. Recent advances in systems biology founded on the next generation ‘omics’ techniques have been able to explain the gut microbiome comprehensively at a functional (proteomic, metabolic as well as transcriptomic) and genetic level. Consequently, these studies have generated new knowledge about the gut microbiome’s genetic variability among individuals, species as well as populations. Furthermore, the studies have highlighted the significance of gut microbiome to human health (Kinross, Ara and Jeremy 1). Being aware of the genetic variation of gut microbiomes, within as well as among hosts, would assist in gaining insight into the evolutionary forces that shape these communities. Furthermore, studying the genetic variation of human gut microbiome may well provide insight into budding relations

Teaching to Students of Different Learning Abilities

Teaching to Students of Different Learning Abilities Teachers in todays classrooms orchestrate instruction for students of various learning styles and ability levels. They make decisions based upon their knowledge of and experiences with the students, while incorporating theory and pedagogy as well as being cognizant of local, state and national policies and procedures. In this course, students will read, reflect and respond to information that is relevant to teaching in a mixed ability classroom. Students will design, prepare, analyze and reflect upon their instruction and upon their pupils responses to instruction. Participants will focus on understanding approaches for differentiating instruction in the classroom. Participants will: discuss the principles of Differentiated Instruction and how they apply to each individual student, learn effective strategies for managing flexible groups, and acquire ideas for providing students with a variety of options. Learning Outcomes: The student will be able to: Design lessons and materials based on differentiated instruction theory and strategies Examine his/her individual philosophy of education and incorporate principles of differentiated instruction Interpret state mandates, requirements and/or standards to develop lesson plans in accordance with these rules and regulations Prepare appropriate, differentiated assessments that correspond with explicit content areas and learning goals at various stages of instruction Analyze student learning needs to apply differentiated instruction methods when preparing lessons for Gifted and Talented students, English Language Learners, Bi-lingual students and Special Education students Describe major theories of learning that are relevant to the content of ones lesson plans and the selection of classroom materials Online Learning with Full Instructor Facilitation Our institution maintains an online platform that automatically grades student pre- and post-assessments, monitors their participation in the lecture, and awards them credit when they post in the discussion area. Instructors will monitor the progress and quality of work the students provide, including the threaded discussions, and will provide feedback and evaluate the midterm and final projects. Weekly Online Lecture Assignments: Week 1 Text Reading: Read Hall, T., Strangman, N., Meyer, A. (2003). Differentiated instruction and implications for UDL implementation. Wakefield, MA: National Center on Accessing the General Curriculum. Retrieved [insert date] from http://www.cast.org/publications/ncac/ncac_diffinstructudl.html Answer Questions (Open Ended) Briefly state your philosophy of education. How is it reflected in your lesson planning and teaching? Now consider the Hall, Strangman and Meyer article. How can you incorporate that information into your philosophy of education? Watch Video Clips Clip 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lzzZbPN-8splaynext_from=TLvideos=QNXm4P0EbsM Differentiated Instruction: Some Ideas for the Classroom Clip 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkK1bT8ls0Mplaynext_from=TLvideos=QNXm4P0EbsM Assignment: Create a Think-Tac-Toe (T-T-T) lesson for use in your classroom. Provide a rationale for the educational choices you made in the design of your T-T-T. Discussion Board: Students must submit one unique comment each week in regards to each of the assigned text reading and reply to a fellow students comments at least twice each week. The comments should relate to the material the text reading discusses. Each comment should be at least three sentences in length. The week ends Sunday at 9:00 p.m. Week 2 Text Reading: Read http://www.mcrel.org/PDF/Standards/5982TG_ModelsStandardsImplementation.pdf read pages 1-8 of this article Title: National Education Standards: Getting beneath the Surface. Policy Information Perspective, Author(s):Barton, Paul, http://www.ets.org Parrish, P., Stodden, R. (2009). Aligning Assessment and Instruction with State Standards for Children with Significant Disabilities. TEACHING Exceptional Children, 41(4), 46-56. Retrieved from ERIC database. Answer Questions (Open Ended): What did you learn about your states mandates, requirements and/or standards and how will this information drive your lesson planning and instruction? Watch Video Clips Clip 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAMLOnSNwzA Dalton Sherman makes a keynote speech about educating students Assignment: Locate your states department of education website to review the mandates, requirements and/or standards for addressing the needs of special education students, English Language Learners, bilingual students, and gifted and talented pupils within a general education setting. Why should this drive your instruction or why not? How does what Dalton speaks about in Texas apply to your students and your teaching situation? Discussion Board: Students must submit one unique comment each week in regards to each of the assigned text reading and reply to a fellow students comments at least twice each week. The comments should relate to the material the text reading discusses. Each comment should be at least three sentences in length. The week ends Sunday at 9:00 p.m. Week 3 Text Reading: Read http://www.nsdc.org/news/jsd/stiggins202.cfm An Interview with Rick Stiggins, by Dennis Sparks, Journal of Staff Development, Spring 1999 (Vol. 20, No. 2) http://www.readingrockets.org/article/6016 Assessing Learning and Evaluating Progress By: Ann Bauer and Glenda Myree Brown (2001) Answer Questions (Open Ended) What is the relationship between pre assessment, ongoing assessment and post assessment? Watch Video Clips Clip 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njeK8BGqJq0feature=player_embedded Clip 2: Office Chat with Sharon Russell Fowler regarding assessment in a mixed ability classroom Assignment: Choose a learning goal. Design three assessments, one for pre-assessment, one for ongoing assessment, and one for post- assessment of mastery of the goal. Discussion Board: Students must submit one unique comment each week in regards to each of the assigned text reading and reply to a fellow students comments at least twice each week. The comments should relate to the material the text reading discusses. Each comment should be at least three sentences in length. The week ends Sunday at 9:00 p.m. Midterm Project Due Week 4 Text Reading: Read about Gifted and Talented and ELL Differentiation http://www.nagc.org/index.aspx?id=660 Teaching Gifted Kids in the Regular Classroom, Susan Winebrenner, Brooklyn, MI http://www.carolyncoil.com/ezine21.htm What is Curriculum Compacting by Carolyn Coil, Ed.D http://www.nagc.org/index.aspx?id=387 NAGC Position Statement: Differentiation of Curriculum and Instruction Watch Video Clips Clip 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ITZxENq3C Clip 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDJst-y_ptI Assignment: You have decided to use the Curriculum Compacting strategy in your classroom in order to meet the needs of your most able learners. Create a plan that identifies the topic to be compacted, the assessment and identification of targeted students and the alternate activities offered on the topic. Include a rationale that supports your decision to Curriculum Compact and how you will effectively infuse it into your classroom. Discussion Board: Students must submit one unique comment each week in regards to each of the assigned text reading and reply to a fellow students comments at least twice each week. The comments should relate to the material the text reading discusses. Each comment should be at least three sentences in length. The week ends Sunday at 9:00 p.m. Week 5 Text Reading: Read 1 Read about Special Education differentiation http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=14hid=108sid=10da0a0a-a285-47c0-8bcb-68e34677c7b7%40sessionmgr111 Lawrence-Brown, D. (2004). Differentiated Instruction: Inclusive Strategies for Standards-Based Learning that Benefit the Whole Class. American Secondary Education, 32(3), 34-63. Retrieved from ERIC database. Text Reading: Read 2 http://www.k8accesscenter.org/training_resources/differentiationmodule.asp Select the Differentiation Strategies Chart Watch Video Clips Clip 1: Answer Questions (Open Ended) Goldilocks and the Three Bears can be used as a metaphor for guiding differentiated instruction. If instruction is too simple, students become bored. If instruction is too difficult, students become frustrated. How do you determine what materials and instructional methods are just right for each student in an inclusive classroom? Assignment: http://www.k8accesscenter.org/training_resources/differentiationmodule.asp Select Differentiation Scenario Using the strategies described and insight gained while reviewing the Differentiation Strategies Chart complete the task described on the Differentiation Scenario page. Discussion Board: Students must submit one unique comment each week in regards to each of the assigned text reading and reply to a fellow students comments at least twice each week. The comments should relate to the material the text reading discusses. Each comment should be at least three sentences in length. The week ends Sunday at 9:00 p.m. Week 6 Text Reading: Read about Maslow, Dunn and Dunn, and Rimm: Read 1 http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm A Theory of Human Motivation H. Maslow (1943), Originally Published in Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. Read 2 http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/863/884633/Volume_medialib/dunn.pdf Dunn and Dunn Read 3 http://www.sylviarimm.com/parentingarticles.html Read Rimms Laws and select one article from the Parenting Articles tab to read Watch Video Clips Clip 1: http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=72041title=Understanding_the_Basic_Needs_of_Children__ Answer Questions (Open Ended) After watching the video, describe the courage you needed to muster to become an educator? Think of one of your students and draw his/her circle of courage or circle of fear. List at least 2 factors in each quarter of the circle to support your selection of elements. Assignment: Create a three circle Venn Diagram in which you compare and contrast the Hierarchy of Needs, Dunn and Dunns Learning Styles, and Rimms Laws. Then select two points from each article that you recognize as being present or absent from your classroom. Cite evidence from your classes to support your ah-ha moment. Discussion Board: Students must submit one unique comment each week in regards to each of the assigned text reading and reply to a fellow students comments at least twice each week. The comments should relate to the material the text reading discusses. Each comment should be at least three sentences in length. The week ends Sunday at 9:00 p.m. Final Project Due Discussion Board: Students must submit one unique comment each week in regards to each of the assigned text reading and reply to a fellow students comments at least twice each week. The comments should relate to the material the text reading discusses. Each comment should be at least three sentences in length. The week ends Sunday at 9:00 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time If a student works ahead during the six week course they should still post every week for the automatic scoring software to count the postings. Students are reminded to check the announcement section of the discussion board frequently for items of interest from the faculty. Students are also reminded to use the email, not the discussion board, to ask questions or make comments directed to their facilitator. Methods of instruction: Percentage of Course Credit Video Lectures 20% Textbook/Articles Readings 10% Midterm project 25% Final project 30% Discussion Board interaction (weekly submissions) 10% Participation 5% Grading criteria/system and evaluation activities: A faculty member will be reviewing students answers and providing feedback. Students will be evaluated on their creativity and ability to incorporate techniques from the lecture into the discussion board, research papers, examples, lesson plans and teacher work samples. University Grading Criteria Grade Equivalent 97-100% A+ 93-96% A 90-92% A- 87-89% B+ 83-86% B 80-82% B- 77-79% C+ 73-76% C 70-72% C- 69% or below U Attendance/Participation It is expected that students will attend all instructional sessions, complete all required activities, and field assignments. Students who do not post in the discussion area during the first week of class AND do not notify the instructor in advance will be dropped from the course and may be charged a course drop fee. University Computer Lab/Library Services Please refer to Section VI in the Student Handbook. Disability Services Please refer to Section VII in the Student Handbook. Due dates of major assignments and projects: Midterm Project Due Date: TBA Final Project Due Date: TBA Midterm Project 1: Lesson Plan Activity Using the strategies, concepts and rubrics presented in the course, design a lesson to be taught in an elementary, secondary, or high school classroom. The lesson plan should include the following: Lesson Objectives Correlation with the most recently adopted version of your states content standards Prior Knowledge/ Understandings of Students: Explicitly note the differentiated instruction based upon the varying population in your classroom. Clearly state the basis of your differentiated approach i.e. ability, interests, language acquisition, reading levels, learning styles (or other) Activities: Explicitly note in the lesson plan how the activities connect to the approach you used to customize instruction Materials and Equipment (including technology) Assessment Method (for example, Rubric, Checklist, Anecdotal Notes, etc.) Prior to teaching the lesson, write a reflective statement that focuses on your lesson planning. You may choose to audio or video tape the lesson to assist you in your post teaching lesson analysis. Also, using the Peer Review Checklist template, select criteria to guide a colleague in analyzing your lesson plan. After teaching the lesson, write a reflective statement on your strengths, weaknesses and how you might modify the lesson plan to maximize student success the next time you teach it. An audiotape, if available, of the lesson should be made to assist you in your self-analysis. Using the Self-Peer Review checklist, have a colleague review your lesson plan and provide you with written feedback. You are also to complete the checklist. Discuss the feedback with the peer reviewer. Compare your self-analysis of your strengths and weaknesses with those of the peer reviewer and include your reactions to this comparison in your final reflective statements. Submit a copy of your lesson plan, your reflective statements, the Self-Peer completed checklist, and the comparison of the self analysis to the peer review, to the course instructor. The assignment should be a total of 9-12 pages in length and include 3-5 references. Use APA format: Use the standard Cover Page and submit to your course facilitator. All assignments are done in 12 pt. Times New Roman font and in APA, 5th Edition format. Add a Reference page that lists items of the authors works cited in your document. Use APA format for the items. INSERT Self and Peer Reviewer Lesson Plan Critique Checklist Scoring Rubric for Assignment Total Value: 100 Points Content of Paper Value: 70 points Copy of your lesson plan, your reflections, and the self and peer reviewer lesson plan critique checklist, and the analysis. Quality of Writing Value: 20 points Written work shows superior graduate quality in verbal expression, attention to detail, and correct application of the conventions of the English language. In students written work, paragraphing is appropriate with clear thesis statements and supporting details. Sentences are clear and concise. Students vary sentence structure making use of subordinate clauses. Transitional words and phrases are used effectively. Points and ideas are well organized. Word choice is effective. English language conventions are applied correctly (i.e. spelling, capitalization, punctuation, agreement, pronoun usage, sentence structure).   Format Value: 10 points Cover Page, Reference Page and where applicable, citations and references are used correctly and consistently, with clear efforts made to include a wide range of relevant works. For any work requiring citations, students refer to a wide range of suitable sources. All non original ideas are cited correctly and referenced in a reference list. All works in the reference list are cited in the text. Students  should follow the Writing Format and Style as required by their institution. Should the student not have a home institution, they will follow the APA Format and Style Manual, 5th Edition. Final: Assignment: Critical Issues Report The purpose of the assignment is to increase the knowledge base, add to the repertoire of reading theories, and increase skills of reflection and problem solving through research and reading on topics that are current, controversial, or significant in understanding the theories behind why some students do not achieve at a satisfactory level and why some students surpass the standards set. Select a topic that is personally intriguing and is addressed in the content of the course: Critical issues in special education theory and learning Maslows hierarchy of needs Sylvia Rimms approach to underachievers Opportunities for gifted students to be engaged in appropriately differentiated learning experiences Modified Dunn and Dunn model of learning styles Reasons for pre-testing Knowing how to choose appropriate assessments for evaluation and planning for instruction The Name Card Method for working in pairs Understanding how to work with Gifted Children Understanding how to work with special education children Read a minimum of three (3) reference sources on the selected topic. Write a 8  ½ page report that includes:  · Cover Page  · Introduction: Background Information (1 page)  · Body of Report (6  ½ pages) General review and summary of the articles content Personal reaction to the information that has been summarized with specific attention to synthesizing the ideas found in the research with course concepts and personal background experiences (personal reaction/critique/reflections) Complete responses to each of the following questions: (Elementary Education Competencies and Skills) How did the information in the selected readings or online lectures increase your knowledge of emergent special education techniques specific to the identification of concepts in the course thus far? How did the information in the selected readings or online lectures increase your knowledge of the Maslow Hierarchy of needs, specific to the developmental stages and the syntactic, semantic, and graphophonemic cueing of the hierarchy? How did the information in the selected readings or online lectures increase your knowledge of the process of constructing meaning from a variety of texts, specific to essential comprehension skills? How did the information in the selected readings or online lectures increase your knowledge of gifted children? How did the information in the selected readings or online lectures increase your knowledge of effective listening and viewing strategies? How did the information in the selected readings or online lectures increase your knowledge of the nature of assessing? How did the information in the selected readings or online lectures increase your knowledge of developing different learning experiences for each student? How did the information in the selected readings or online lectures increase your knowledge and improve your understanding of how to set up a classroom that will effectively meet the needs of all students? Conclusion (1 page): Recommendations for using your research and knowledge base gain from the course to this point.  · Reference Page: List of cited references, following APA format or format required of your institution. Scoring Rubric for Assignment Total Value: 100 Points Content of Report Value: 70 points Introduction, content review and summary, personal reaction/critique, responses to questions related to Elementary Education Competencies and Skills, conclusion (recommendations for using research in the classroom). Quality of Writing Value: 20 points Written work shows superior graduate quality in verbal expression, attention to detail, and correct application of the conventions of the English language. In students written work, paragraphing is appropriate with clear thesis statements and supporting details. Sentences are clear and concise. Students vary sentence structure making use of subordinate clauses. Transitional words and phrases are used effectively. Points and ideas are well organized. Word choice is effective. English language conventions are applied correctly (i.e. spelling, capitalization, punctuation, agreement, pronoun usage, sentence structure).   Format Value: 10 points Cover Page, Reference Page and where applicable, citations and references are used correctly and consistently, with clear efforts made to include a wide range of relevant works. For any work requiring citations, students refer to a wide range of suitable sources. All non original ideas are cited correctly and referenced in a reference list. All works in the reference list are cited in the text. Students  should follow the Writing Format and Style as required by their institution. Should the student not have a home institution, they will follow the APA Format and Style Manual, 5th Edition.

Essay --

A characteristic property can help identify a substance. A characteristic property will never change even when the volume of a substance is varied. A characteristic property also does not change when a substance changes state in matter. A physical property cannot identify a substance. A physical property will change when the volume of a substance is varied. It can also change when the substance changes state in matter. For example, if the volume and mass of a substance changes then the physical appearance will also change. However, the density, which is a characteristic property, will not change at all. The boiling point of a substance is the temperature that a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. The boiling point of a substance is a characteristic property because the boiling point of a substance will never change even when the volume and mass changes. The only thing that will change is the time that it takes to reach that temperature. If the mass and volume of the substance is small, then it will take a small amount of time for the substance to reach the temperature. However if the mass and volume of the substance is larger, then it will take a longer time to reach the temperature. The purpose of this lab was to see if when the volume of a substance changes so does the boiling point. The procedure of the lab on day one was to get a ring stand and clamp, then put the substance in the test tube. Then put the test tube in the clamp and then get a Bunsen burner. After that put the Bunsen burner underneath the test tube to heat it. The procedure of the lab for day two was almost exactly the same, except the substances that were used were different. The hypothesis was accepted. The hypothesis was if the am... ...roup seven had were that day one plateaued at a lower temperature than day two. It was learned that changing the volume of the same substance will never change the boiling point of the substance. However having two different substances with the same volume will result in two different boiling points. The purpose of this lab was to determine if changing the volume of a substance will change the boiling point. This is useful to know in real life because if someone wanted to boil water to make pasta and did not know how much water to put in the pot. If the person knew if changing the volume of a substance will not change the boiling point, but only alter how much time it takes for the substance to reach the temperature. Then the person would know that it would be better to not put too much water in the pot, because it would take longer for the water to boil.

Ozymandius

Commanding poems that continue to be talked about and analyzed to this day. Each sonnet was published by Leigh Hunt early in 1818 in consecutive issues of his monthly Journal, The Examiner (Rumens, 2010). Even though the sonnet written by Smith has taken a back seat to Shelley in scholarly study, both poems explore the opulence of ancient history and the inevitable consequences of time. Inspired by recent discoveries in the Near East, Shelley and Smith were motivated by the words of historian Odorous Sculls who claimed the inscription on the statue of Renames II read, â€Å"King of Kings Commanding am l.If any want to know how great I am and where I lie, let him outdo me in my work† (Mimics, 2010). The motivation for these separatist poems was to create a piece of artwork that would withstand the inevitable passing of time. Unlike the crumbling boasting monuments of Ancient Egypt whose intent was to memorial their rule, their own literary words would be a piece of poetic art t hat would forever be remembered in European literature. While the differences outweigh the similarities between these woo poems, there is a uniting theme expressed by both Shelley and Smith.Each author uses the same subject, tells the same story and makes the same moral point of the arrogance of human authority and the inevitable decline of all leaders. Every great leader wants to be amortized and remembered. Time is the ceaseless enemy of this great wish of mortal men. It never stops, takes pause or shows tire as it breaks down the most triumphant of mortal monuments. Both poems use the expression of time to unite the idea that all power is fleeting as exampled by the only mains of the statue's leg.The variations in diction between Shelley and Smith allows for a vast difference of perspective. Smith, an author of historical novels and financial advisor to Shelley, lacked an overall flare that is seen in Shelley poem. However, his words reinforce the sense of loss and emptiness of t he desert and that forgotten Babylon' (Smith, 1818). Smith chooses a future perspective of someone stopping upon the ruins and wondering what greatness once resided in the Egyptian desert. His words are less imaginative and the tone of the poem comes across more loom than wrathful as compared to Shelley.There is no focus on the arrogance and harsh rule of Commanding. On the other hand, Shelley chooses to present the remains of Commanding from the narrator's perspective. The passage, â€Å"Tell that its sculptor well those passions read†, shows that the unrelenting style of rule, as depicted on the visage, was accurately portrayed to the traveler (Shelley, 1818). Shelley is able to strip focus away from Commanding' own aspiration of being amortized and draw attention to the truth of his unsympathetic reign as depicted wrought the hands of the artisan.Shelley literary style and viewpoint makes clear his disdain for ancient rule and monarchies (Solo Interactive Learning). Shelle y and Smith were both inspired by the political developments of their own day and opinions were heightened by the 1821 acquisition of a statue of Rammers II by the British Museum in London. In their own personal style, each poet conveyed the same paradox: â€Å"Commanding, the self-proclaimed King of Kings, commissioned a statue of himself to guarantee his immortality, but all that's left is a broken statue† (Durbin, 012).

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Donaldson Dunfee 2000 Essay

Donaldson Dunfee 2000 Essay Donaldson Dunfee 2000 Essay Business and Society Review 105:4 436–443 Prà ©cis for: Ties That Bind THOMAS DONALDSON AND THOMAS W. DUNFEE W e wrote the book, Ties that Bind, out of our conviction that answering today’s questions requires a new approach to business ethics, an approach that exposes the implicit understandings or â€Å"contracts† that bind industries, companies, and economic systems into moral communities. It is in these economic communities, and in the often unspoken understandings that provide their ethical glue, that we believe many of the answers to business ethics quandaries lie. Further, we think that answering such questions requires the use of a yet deeper, and universal â€Å"contract† superseding even individual ones. The theory that combines both these deeper and thinner kinds of contracts we label â€Å"Integrative Social Contracts Theory,† or â€Å"ISCT† for short. ISCT does not overturn popular wisdom. While it asserts that the social contracts that arise from specific cultural and geographic contexts have legitimacy, it acknowledges a limit to that legitimacy. It recognizes the moral authority of key transcultural truths, for example, the idea that human beings everywhere are deserving of respect. The social contract approach we detail holds that any social contract terms existing outside these boundaries must be deemed illegitimate, no matter how completely subscribed to within a given economic community. In this sense, all particular or â€Å"micro† social contracts, whether they exist at the national, industry, or corporate level, must conform to a hypothetical â€Å"macro† social contract that lays down moral boundaries for any social contracting. ISCT thus lies midway on the spectrum of moral belief separating Thomas Donaldson is the Mark O. Winkelman Professor of Legal Studies and Director of the Wharton Ethics Program at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Thomas W. Dunfee is the Joseph Kolodny Professor of Social Responsibility in Business and Vice Dean responsible for the Undergraduate Division of the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.  © 2000 Center for Business Ethics at Bentley College. Published by Blackwell Publishers, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA, and 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK. THOMAS DONALDSON AND THOMAS W. DUNFEE 437 relativism from absolutism. It allows substantial â€Å"moral free space† for nations and other economic communities to shape their distinctive concepts of economic fairness, but it draws the line at flagrant neglect of core human values. Our approach takes â€Å"moral free space† seriously. It insists that morality can be â€Å"conditional† or â€Å"situational† at least in the sense that two conflicting conceptions of ethics can sometimes both be valid, and that community agreements about ethics often matter. Two economic systems need not have precisely the same view about the ethics of insider trading. Their views about what is wrong with insider trading may differ, yet both may be legitimate. Nor does every corporation have to follow exactly the same conception of fairness as it designs flextime or seniority rules. It follows from our view that all economic actors must recognize the critical role of social contracts in the communities they impact. To fail to do so, as many companies have done in the past, is to display moral blindness. In our view, as social contracts change, so too do the challenges for business. The ethical â€Å"game† of business today is played by different rules, and harbors different penalties and benefits, than it did decades ago. Broad shifts of moral consensus have occurred. In subtle, far reaching shifts, managers and members of the general public have gradually redefined their view of the underlying responsibilities of large corporations. Half a century ago, companies were basically expected to focus on producing goods and services at reasonable prices; today, corporations are held responsible for a variety of issues involving fairness and quality of life. In companies

Entrepreneurship Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurship - Case Study Example However, in recent days, the concept has been altered greatly and presently it includes several social as well as political elements. Entrepreneurship has a considerable significance in the present business scenario as consumers are greatly influenced by innovative business ideas. The world has witnessed the emergence of many eminent entrepreneurs who contributed to the growth of modern business concepts. At this juncture, this paper will evaluate the entrepreneurial success of James Caan in his venture Hamilton Bradshaw and how his attitudes, approaches, and strategies have played a major role in the success of his venture. James Caan James Caan is a UK entrepreneur who was born in 1960 in Lahore, Pakistan. Caan, who got popularity for his innovations has been developing and selling business ventures since 1985. Lahore Business School has expressed its admiration to Caan when it awarded honorary doctorate to this innovative entrepreneur. The business world witnessed Caan’s he ight of confidence when he sold his venture, the Alexander Mann Group, a company with turnover of ?130m and operations in 50 countries. Recently in 2010, Caan launched his new venture HB Real Estate into market with intent to target investments. History of Hamilton Bradshaw ‘Hamilton Bradshaw is a leading mid-market private equity firm’ which is headquartered at London and it is founded by James Caan in 20031. James Caan himself made whole investments to commence this business venture and that makes the Hamilton Bradshaw different from other similar private firms. Even though Hamilton Bradshaw is a mid-market firm, it has business interests in all sectors of the industry. It ‘invests in companies across sectors and at all stages’ irrespective of the business traditions of firms; Hamilton Bradshaw is also interested in Real Estate business and it has reserved an amount of $35 million for the purpose2. Caan got a gap year after he sold his shares in Alexander Mann, Humana Mann, and Recruitment International. During this period, Caan closely watched different market sectors in addition to his advanced management study at Harvard. From his observations, Caan identified that many industries collapsed as they had failed to develop innovative concepts, and sufficient financial sources that were highly necessary. Caan had good experience in recruitment and hence he believed that the concept of HB would play a vital role in the business world if it made equity investments in financially and strategically struggling companies. Moreover, the sale of Alexander Mann also persuaded Caan to begin this new venture. James Caan strongly believed that major portions of corporate failures can be avoided if the firms are provided with sufficient strategic advices and financial assistance. Hence, HB not only finances the companies but also closely examines their business strategies. It will also identify the most appropriate resources in order to safeguard HB’s interests in those companies. Caan also believed that inter-cooperation between international business houses would avert business failures to a large extent. Since HB is a huge company having world wide network of top performing business houses, it can assist weaker member firms to get access into HB’s global network of resources and thereby increase their operational efficiency. Caan’s admirable innovativeness is evident in the success of

Data Visualization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Data Visualization - Essay Example For simplicity, the following categories of crimes would be disclosed for the year 2013: criminal offenses on campus and arrests on campus. The results would be presented in tabular format to highlight comparative details: From the results, one could deduce that the crime statistics reported in the University of Findlay for the year 2013 had been the least among the universities that were evaluated in the state of Ohio. From all criminal offenses on campus, the University of Findlay reported the least numbers of offenses (2) with the least numbers of arrests (5). Only the Wittenberg University reported similar number of arrests (5) with violations on drug abuse and liquor law. The arrests of 5 for the University of Findlay were all for liquor law violations. Despite the universities being categorized as recording the most number of enrollees (more than 15,000) as compared to the universities with lesser number of enrollees (less than 5,000), it was evident that crime offenses still occur. The Ohio State University exhibited the greatest numbers of criminal offenses for 2013 totalling 61 and the greatest numbers of arrests totaling

Midterm Essay Question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Midterm Question - Essay Example There was competition in leadership between Austria and Prussia before the Napoleon’s domination in which Prussia won as it was better organized and progressive even though Austria had a larger territory to dominate. Otto von Bismarck is known to have led Prussia in Germany’s unification. He managed to bring reforms in Germany enabling to take Austria by them joining and also making the Prussia military be well trained to the coming wars. There was the France and Germany war known as Franco-Prussian war to which the Prussians side won. This showed how Otto von Bismarck had trained them well by giving them the equipment and led to the border emergence between Germany and France. Unification exposed Cultural, political religious ‘social and political in the new nation (Pohlsander 52). The westward shift from the French contributed to the German unification as the states joined to form one government. This would not have been achieved if France could succeed in the division of Baden and Bavaria states whose government ship were not strong .This could have led to stopped the forces of these states unification. The unification of the states led to political borders as they had won the war from France and proved to have a strong military force. Through this they saw the need of nationalism as majority of the population in the Reichsland period spoke German dialects to which German justified its annexation on nationalistic grounds. The Germany’s military strategy was to control Alsace region to the mountain range, the Thionville and Metz in order for the protection of Germany. The military had also planned to control the Thionville and Metz during the war. By developing the strategies it guided them through the Franco-Prussia war in 1871.This also contributed to the defeat over France. According to Pohlsander (27), the military had interest in some states like the Alsace-Lorrain which had iron-ore and

The Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

The Catholic Church Essay The Iroquois Confederacy, an association of six linguistically related tribes in the northeastern woodlands, was a sophisticated society of some 5,500 people when the first white explorers encountered it at the beginning of the seventeenth century. The 1990 Census counted 49,038 Iroquois living in the United States, making them the countrys eighth most populous Native American group. Although Iroquoian tribes own seven reservations in New York state and one in Wisconsin, the majority of the people live off the reservations. An additional 5,000 Iroquois reside in Canada, where there are two Iroquoian reservations. The people are not averse to adopting new technology when it is beneficial, but they want to maintain their own traditional identity. INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS Although disputed by some, there is significant evidence that the Iroquois Confederacy served as a model or inspiration for the U. S. Constitution. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine were well acquainted with the League. John Rutledge, chairman of the committee that wrote the first draft of the Constitution, began the process by quoting some passages from the Haudenosaunee Great Law. The Iroquois form of government was based on democracy and personal freedom, and included elements equivalent to the modern political tools of initiative, referendum, and recall. In 1987 Senator Daniel Inouye sponsored a resolution that would commemorate the Iroquois contributions to the formation of the federal government. Many Iroquois people have made notable contributions to society and culture that transcend political boundaries. A dramatic example is Oren Lyons (1930– ), an Onondaga chief who has led political delegations to numerous countries in support of the rights of indigenous people. Twice named an All-American lacrosse goal-keeper, he led his 1957 team at Syracuse University to an undefeated season and was eventually enrolled in the sports Hall of Fame. He was a successful amateur boxer in both the U. S. Army and in the Golden Gloves competition. He worked as a commercial artist for several years before returning to the reservation to assume his position as faithkeeper. An author and illustrator, he has served as Chairman of American Studies at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo and as publisher of Daybreak, a national quarterly newspaper of Native American views. In 1992 he became the first indigenous leader to have addressed the United Nations General Assembly. Arden, Harvey. The Fire That Never Dies, National Geographic, September 1987. Axtell, James. The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. A Basic Call to Consciousness. Rooseveltown, NY: Akwesasne Notes, 1978. Bruchac, Joseph. New Voices from the Longhouse: An Anthology of Contemporary Iroquois Writing. Greenfield Center, NY: Greenfield Review Press, 1989. Fenton, Willam N. The Great Law and the Long-house: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. Graymont, Barbara. The Iroquois. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. Indian Roots of American Democracy, Northeast Indian Quarterly, edited by Jose Barreiro. Winter/Spring, 1987/1988. An Iroquois Source Book, Volumes 1 and 2, edited by Elisabeth Tooker. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. , 1985. Iroquois Women: An Anthology, edited by W. G. Spittal. Ohsweken, Ontario: Iroqrafts Ltd, 1990. Johnson, Elias. Legends, Traditions and Laws of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, and History of the Tuscarora Indians. New York: AMS Press, 1978 (reprint of 1881 edition). Josephy, Alvin M. , Jr. Now That the Buffalos Gone: A Study of Todays American Indians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. Snow, Dean R. The Iroquois. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996. Tooker, Elisabeth. Lewis H. Morgan on Iroquois Material Culture. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994. http://www. ipoaa. com/iroquois_constitution_united_states. htm The Effect of the Iroquois Constitution on the United States Constitution originally titled The United States Constitution: Is it a Native American Myth? by Janet L. Daly Fitchburg State College (1997) The United States Constitution was influenced by the concepts and the principles contained in the Iroquois Indian Confederacy form of governance which was founded in Native American mythology. Several different areas must be discussed in order to substantiate this premise that the Native Americans that arrived on the North American continent around 12,000 years ago did indeed influence the very basis of the United States governmental system which is written in the form of the United States Constitution. One of the first concepts which must be explored is the tradition of the Iroquois League, since the basis of the thesis is that the League tradition preceded and influenced the thinking of the Founding Fathers. The next topics must include a discussion of opinions and supporting details that the Iroquoian Confederacy method of governance did influence the development of the U. S. Constitution and specifically how key contributors to the writing of the Constitution, including Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, were brought into the Native American sphere of thinking. Finally, a comparison of the League Tradition and several areas of the U. S. Constitution will show clearly that the Native American Myth lives on even though the Native American population has been drastically diminished by the very Country which it helped to found. The Iroquois League tradition was first written down in an Iroquois language format in 1912 by anthropologist Alexander A. Goldenweiser. 1 This handwritten transcript as dictated by Chief John Arthur Gibson has been recently (1992) newly elicited, edited and translated by Hanni Woodbury in collaboration with Reg Henry and Harry Webster with the resultant fluently reading legend of the foundation of the League of the Iroquois. Chief John Gibson, born in 1849 was unquestionably the greatest mind of his generation among the Six Nations [who] became the greatest living source on Iroquois culture at the turn of the century. 2 Chief Gibson was appointed a member of a committee of chiefs that undertook the task of codifying the League Tradition because of the high regard by his own people for his knowledge of the League traditions and the various rituals connected with them. 3 What follows is a condensed version of the League Tradition as put forth in the work translated by Hanni Woodbury which will provide a general overview of the mythology which lead to the Tradition and the components of the Tradition which allowed a working unification system for the Iroquois Confederacy. This Confederacy contained the original Five Nations of the Confederacy which included the Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida and Cayuga and in 1715 increased to Six Nations with the inclusion of the Tuscaroras. Feuding and warfare were endemic in the land of the Mohawks which was located on the northern shore of Lake Ontario. A mother Kahetoktha (End of the Field) takes her daughter Kahetehsuk (She Walks Ahead) to live in a remote area of bush in order to protect her child. After living there a considerable amount of time the daughter becomes pregnant and the Mother accuses her daughter of wrongdoing. The Mother then has a dream from the messenger of the Great Spirit which reveals her daughter and not been with a man and will have a divine birth and the boy child to be born will be called Tekanawita and his life will be devoted to promoting peace among men. After the dream message is received the Mother and daughter reconcile and the son is born as prophesied. The boy grows quickly and when he is a young man Tekanawita returns to his mothers and grandmothers former settlement to announce to their people the Good Message (kaihwiyoh), the Power (katshatstehsae) and the Peace (shenu) which are the three concepts that together spell out the call to unify the separate nations of the Iriquois. 4 Tekanawita visits the then separate nations and convinces them through demonstrating some miraculous feats. One such trial proposed by the Mohawk Nation was forTekanawita to sit atop a tree next to the river. The tree would then be cut down and Tekanawita would be thrown into the cold raging waters. If he emerged the next day alive this would be proof that he was the true messenger of the Great Spirit and the Good Message, the Power and the Peace would be accepted. When he successfully emerges the next day from the waters the Mohawk tribe is convinced. The five nations are receptive to the message and Tekanawita proceeds to frame the central concepts of the Great Law and organizes the Confederacy Council on the basis of principles which underlie Iroquois social structure. He divides the five nations into moieties related to one another as fathers (Mohawk, Onondaga and Seneca) and sons (Oneida and Cayuga). 5 The decision making process which was to be followed involved the Mohawk Nation considering the issue and after a consensus is reached within the Nation, V the question was to be passed to their moiety brother, the Seneca who reach a consensus. There is to be an attempt to consolidate their decision with that of the Mohawk. If two groups agree they are to appoint a speaker for the moiety who movesacross the fireto bring the opinion and the question to the Oneida. The Oneida are to pass the question on to the Cayuga and if the two groups reach consensus the issue is to be passed back across the fire to the Mohawk who present the outcome to the firekeepers, the Onondagas. The Onondagas then consider the issue and if they agree with the consensus reached by the other four nations, they ratify the opinion. 6 However, if there are divergent opinions from the Mohawk and Seneca, both opinions are to be handed across the fire to the Oneida and Cayuga to be considered equally. If the Oneida and Cayuga are split in opinion then both opinions must be handed on to the firekeepers. The Firekeepers can break the tie by choosing one opinion over the other. If the Oneida and Cayuga agree wit just one of the opinions handed to them by the Mohawk and Seneca, they return this opinion to the latter, and the speaker for the Mohawk and Seneca will present the opinions to the firekeepers, with an explanation of the outcome. The Onondaga consider the issue together with the results arrived at among the other nations, and the final decision will be announced. 7 After establishing the vital decision making process to be followed Tekanawita establishes the symbolism of the central hearth, that is the Confederacy fire, whose smoke will rise, the beautiful smoke, piercing the sky. 8 At the central fire he planted a tree a great white pine that put forth white roots East, West, North and South. Each nation would contribute one arrow to form a single strong bundle bound together with the sinew of a deer and as joined were to represent the Confederacy solidarity. Tekanawita addressed the Nations with the message that all Nations exercise equal authority in the Confederacy and that as individuals the Chiefs the tall trunks of the Confederacy are all equal in status. He then warned that if the arrows of the Nations are withdrawn from the bundle that represent the power of their solidarity, the bundle of arrows will weaken. 9 After describing the basic workings of the Confederacy, Tekanawita called a lengthy recess, and members of the council returned to their settlements to inform the people of the Confederacy of the formation and to determine the existing organization of lineages and clans in their respective nations, and to select in terms of their lineage affiliations more candidates for the positions on the council. Fifty titles are eventually assigned by clan and were assigned as follows- Mohawk 9, Seneca 8, Oneida 9, Cayuga -10, and Onondaga 14. The women of the clan or clan mothers were designated to be the holders of the clan titles and had control in large measure in the choice of successors. 10 The chiefs appointed were expected to maintain certain standards or there was to be a recall process that would be followed. At times of stress in the Confederacy, the hereditary Chiefs were to be allowed to appoint a Pine Tree Chief who would have special skills or qualities that could be of help to the hereditary chiefs in their difficult tasks. Pine Tree Chiefs were to be appointed for life and their titles were not to be passed on after their death. 11 The final major process that Tekanawita was to call for was the orderly replacement of the Chiefs upon their dismissal or more likely their death. This process was to allow an orderly transition of power within the Confederacy. This process consisted of the Clan Matron selecting a candidate and the women of the clan approving the selection followed by the chiefs who represent the tribal moiety, then the Chiefs of the Nation, then the Chiefs from her side of the Confederacy fire. At the Condolence Council the candidate was to be stood up for approval by the chiefs of the opposite moiety. The candidate is to be raised up by being crowned with the antlers of office representing his status as a Chief. 12 This was then the basic outline of the principles and philosophy of the Confederacy of the Iroquois. They agreed to stop fighting amongst themselves and to accept the Good Message that called upon them to find a peaceful way to resolve issues among the tribes. They were directed by the messenger of the Great Spirit to uphold certain standards of leadership and to fill vacancies in a peaceful manner. They were to stand together so that they may be stronger than one individual tribe. There is a plethora of opinion which concurs with the thesis that the Iroquois Confederacy had a strong influence on the final document which was to be the law of the land for the United States from its inception to present day. Some of these sources not only attribute the Iroquois Confederacy with significantly affecting the form of the Government of the United States but also with instilling the American independence mentality which would give rise to the impetus to make the initial break from the British. As the Indians were standing along the shore watching the Puritans arrive, the Indians carried with them a tradition of meeting and democracy, of free speech, of free thinking, of tolerance for each others differences of religion, of all those things which got attached to the Bill of Rights. 13 White leaders watched the method of government that the Iroquois utilized and they learned union and democracy from it. Historians are now beginning to admit what they must have been aware of, that the government of the United States is not patterned after something across the ocean where there was a belief in the divine right of kings and where the people had no voice, but it is patterned after the government of the People of the Long House, where all people, including both men and women were respected and took a part in their government. 14 The interaction between the colonial Americans and the Iroquois Confederacy began immediately upon the arrival of the Europeans. The importance of conciliating the powerful Confederacy was fully appreciated by the colonial authorities and great pains were taken to secure and retain the favor of the confederacy. Each successive governor announced his arrival to the Sachems of the League, and invited them to meet him in council, at an early day, to renew the covenant chain or agreement to work together peacefully. 15 Beginning in the early 1740s, Iroquois leaders strongly urged the colonists to form a federation similar to their own with the immediate benefit to their interests of having a unified management of Indian trade with resultant minimization of fraud, and a unity of the two peoples in the face of the cold war which was occurring between the English and the French. 16 This urging became a more forceful admonition when the Iroquois Chief Canssatego spoke to Pennsylvania officials gathered at Lancaster in 1744 with the following words: Our wise forefathers established Union and Amity between the Five Nations. This has made us formidable; this has given us great Weight and Authority with our neighboring Nations. We are a powerful Confederacy; and by your observing the same methods, our wise forefathers have taken, you will acquire such Strength and power. Therefore whatever befalls you, never fall our with one another. 17 A crucial step forward towards colonial American unification necessary for the eventual independence movement took place in Albany, New York in 1754. The Albany Plan was a landmark on the rough road that was to lead through the first Continental Congress and the Articles of Confederation and then to the Constitution of 1787. 18 On the eve of the Albany Congress, Franklin had a great deal of exposure to the imagery and political ideas of the Iroquois from first hand experience and from his study of Cadwallader Coldens History of the Five Nations. 19 Franklin met with both Colonial and Iroquois delegates to create a plan of unity that was in part derived from some of the tenets of the Great Law of the Iroquois. 20 During the discussions at Albany Franklin addressed the assemblage in words that freely acknowledged the Iroquois Confederacy as a model to build upon: It would be a strange thing if Six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming such a union and be able to execute it in such a manner that it has subsisted ages and appears indissoluble, and yet that a like union should be impractical for ten or a dozen English colonies, to whom it is more necessary and must be more advantageous, and who cannot be supposed to want an equal understanding of their interest. 21 When Franklin proposed his plan of union before the Congress it had a Grand Council, a Speaker, and called for a general government under which each colony may retain its present constitution all nomenclature and concept derived from the Confederacy. 22 Franklins writings indicate that as he became more deeply involved with the Iroquois and other Indian peoples, he picked up ideas from them concerning not only federalism, but concepts of natural rights, the nature of society and mans place in it, the role of property in society, and other intellectual constructs that would eventually be called into service by Franklin as he and the other American revolutionaries shaped an 23 official ideology for the soon to be founded United States of America. 23 As the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain became more and more strained rebellion became a more realistic and viable alternative. In the eyes of the rebellious American Colonists, the Iroquois symbolized autonomy and a new American identity. 24 The intervening years between the Albany Plan of Union, the Articles of Confederation and the final Declaration of Independence included events such as the protest of the Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, formation of the Sons of Liberty. Each of these events drew upon the symbolism and philosophy of the Iroquois. The Sons of Liberty during the Stamp Act Crisis sent wampum belts to the Iroquois asking them to intercept the British moving down the Hudson. 25 The Boston Tea Party was carried out by Colonists dressed as Indians and the formation of the Sons of Liberty involved putting up a pine post called the Tree of Liberty, a direct transference of symbolism from the Iroquois symbol of Liberty. 26 On June 11, 1776, while the question of independence was being debated, twenty-one visiting Iroquois chiefs were actually lodged on the second floor of the Pennsylvania State House and were formally invited into the meeting hall of the Continental Congress. 27 During speeches delivered to the delegation of Native Americans they were addressed as Brothers and told of the delegates wish that the friendship between them would continue as long as the sun shall. shine and the water run. 28 The speech expressed hope that new Americans and Iroquois would act as one people, and have but one heart. 29 In a speech on July 26, 1776, James Wilson, delegate from Pennsylvania and future author of the first draft of the U. S. Constitution, argued forcefully for a confederation similar to the Iroquois League and asserted that Indians know the striking benefits of confederation and we have an example of it in the Union of the Six Nations. 30 In essence, Wilson, a friend of Franklin, believed that a strong confederacy like the Iroquois Confederacy was crucial to the development of a new nation and to maintaining a friendly relationship with the Indian populations. 31 Thomas Jefferson has also documented his appraisal of the attributes of the Native American concepts of morality and governance. In his writings Jefferson states: Their only controls are their manners, and that moral sense of right and wrong, which, like the sense of tasting and feeling in every man, makes a part of his nature. An offense against these is punished by contempt, by exclusion from society, or, where the case is serious, as that of murder, by the individuals whom it concerns. Imperfect as this species of coercion may seem, crimes are very rare among them; insomuch that were it made a question, whether no law, as among the savage American, or too much law, as among the civilized Europeans, submits man to the greatest evil, one who has seen both conditions of existence would pronounce it to be the last; and that the sheep are happier of themselves, than under care of the wolves. It will be said, the great societies cannot exist without government. The savages, therefore, break them into small ones. 32 Several areas of the Iroquois Constitution of the Five Nations which clearly have a parallel in the U. S. Constitution would be paragraph 84 dealing with the right of self-determination, paragraph 96, stipulating government by the people, by the consent of the governed, Paragraph 98 stating definite provision for such consent of the governed and controls by those governed and as a last example; Paragraph 99 guaranteeing freedom of religion. 33 Paragraph 33 stipulates the process by which a Chief shall be replaced upon dismissal or death. This systematic transmission of official rank was, in fact, the vital principle of the Iroquois Government. 34 The decision-making process of the League resembles that of a two-house congress in one body, with the older brothers and younger brother each comprising a side of the house. 35 The Onondagas filled something of an executive role, with a veto that could be overridden by the older and younger brothers in concert. 36 By implication in five places within the U. S. Constitution the impact of the Iroquois Confederacys continual urgings that the colonists should coordinate Indian negotiations and policies through a central authority were codified. 37 This codification is included in Article 11, Section 10, which prohibits the States from entering into treaties; Article 11, Section 2, which also prohibits States from entering into treaties; Article 11, Section 2, Clause 2, which defines the treaty process- Article VI, Section 2, which defines a treaty as the supreme law of the land; and finally, Article 111, Section 2, which grants the federal courts over U. S. citizenry who violate treaties. 38 These provisos were to find an impact on the Native American populations to present day and beyond. Even in light of the preceding discussion of the documented influence by the Iroquois Confederacy on the Founding Fathers and the resultant inclusion of many of the basic concepts and premises of the Iroquois Law within the U. S. Constitution, there is still an apparent oversight of the this impact in a scholarly work as recently as 1994. David N. Mayor in his discussion of the influences on the thinking of Thomas Jefferson in relation to his intellectual contribution to the U. S. Constitution mentions only Locke, Scottish moral sense of philosophy, deistic natural religion and the economic theories developed by British and French antimercantilists. 39 Not one mention or word of credit is given to the Native Americans who have so clearly been a major contributor in the formation of the American persona. Donald A. Grinde comments that ignoring the processes whereby Euroamericans created a new culture out of the American experience impoverishes everyone and gives an appearance that scholars are seeking to stop the process of de-Europeanizing America. 40 He specifically discusses Temple University anthropologist Dr. Elisabeth Tooker who contends that American Indian government figures not at all in the standard histories of the Constitution, nor in the documents on which they rest. 41 As a refutation of this premise Grinde goes on to quote many of the specifics of the writings generated by the founders some of which have been stated herein along with scholarly input with justification for their own viewpoint. It is truly a revelation as a student of history to study the impact that Native America had in the development of the United States of America. The fact that the Native Americans preceded the settlement of the Europeans and were a part of the innate character of the New World must logically affect the development of the new settlers. It is the ultimate irony that by the initial assistance given to the entering immigrants by the Native American population that they were in fact aiding in the ultimate decimation of their people, and the diminishment of their land and their mythological based form of government. Lesson 2 The Invasion of America Reading Assignment: Calloway, 67-136. Introduction: The Columbian encounter is arguably the most pivotal event in the history of the world. Neither Europe nor the Americas would be the same after this watershed event. This lesson highlights the merging of two previously distinct ecosystems and the devastating effect it would have on native peoples. Then it traces emergence of three European powers as they became dominant colonizers in North America. The lesson emphasizes that regardless of the variety of experiences Indians had in their relations with Europeans, they all shared irreversible changes in their cultures. This lesson will also introduce you to some of the primary sources related to the Spanish, French, and English invasions of North America and their consequences. Essay topics for Lesson 2 Write on one of the following topics or combine any of the topics into one. 1. What are the arguments for viewing Columbus as a hero? Villain? Where do you come down on this contentious issue? 2. What were the main differences in the motives of the Spanish, French, and English when they colonized the Americas? Was the European conquest of the Americas inevitable? Why or why not? 3. What role did Indian relationships play in the outcome of the various European invasions? Explain the â€Å"Columbian Exchange† and how it affected both Europe and the Americas. 4. How does Apess deal with the fact that the Pequot supported the English in King Phillip’s War? Does Apess’s writing tell us more about Pequots in the nineteenth century or seventeenth century Massachusetts? Early European Exploration and Colonization. Leah S. Glaser VUS. 2 Describe how early European exploration and colonization resulted in cultural interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Indians. For many years, students of American history have learned about the era of European exploration and colonization in terms of conquest and defeat. Europes entry into the Americas had economic and political motivations, but over the last several years historians have begun to emphasize that exploration and colonization also allowed cultural contacts and exchanges among three different continents: Europe, Africa, and America. Each society viewed the other through their respective perceptions and culture. Historians like Colin Calloway and Gary Nash explain that these relationships created new worlds for all. The nature of cultural contact and change in America varied from region to region, and can be traced to Europes different colonizing strategies and the response of the existing local population. America, Africa, and Europe: Three Worlds on the Eve of 1492 Contrary to longstanding European assumptions, native societies in the Americas possessed their own rich and varied cultures. An estimated 3 to 5 million people, speaking hundreds of languages, inhabited the region; with about 60 million people living in the Western Hemisphere, the population rivaled that of Europe and Africa. While they did not yet possess the same farming techniques or methods of transportation as those of Europe and Africa, these societies were diverse and sophisticated, and adapted continually to changing environments. Irrigation communities in the Southwest, mound cities in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, and the villages of the eastern woodlands characterized the nature of these societies at the time of European contact. Climatic changes, over hundreds of years, had altered farming patterns and prompted different groups to compete for dominance through warfare, as well as to participate in a vast trade network that spread across the continent. The African societies (like those of the American Indians and the Europeans) were highly dependent on the environmental conditions and varied widely across the continent. Africa very much resembled America in its diversity of cultures across deserts, grasslands, and forests, its established networks of trade, and resource competition. The early use of iron implements raised productivity and subsequently increased the continents population, which reached about 50 million by the fifteenth century. Much of that population was organized politically under large empires, like the Kingdom of Ghana. Ghana achieved architectural and artistic wealth principally through important trading contacts with the Middle and Far East. Other kingdoms also developed skilled craftsmanship, codes of law, and trading networks. Alongside these trade relationships, Muslim influences, which had spread throughout Africa since the eleventh century, also shaped African community life. African societies differed most markedly from those in Europe in terms of familial organization (matrilineal rather than patrilineal). For example, property rights and inheritance descended through the mother. Europeans did not engage with Africa until the early fifteenth century, though they had been fascinated with the East for hundreds of years prior to contact. They were particularly eager to control the Mediterranean trade routes that tapped into the vast markets and goods. Throughout the Middle Ages, the East also served as a battleground for two of the worlds fastest growing religions, Islam and Christianity, as evidenced in the Crusades. The Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire ruled supreme over Europe in opposition to the growing Ottoman (Islamic) Empire. By the fifteenth century, the invention of the printing press and improvements in navigation techniques (like the compass and the hourglass) helped spawn the Renaissance, an era known for challenging the power of the Church and celebrating human possibility though exploration, ideas, art, and literature. Spain joined in this creative celebration, but also gained political power by successfully defeating Islamic forces in Granada and by consolidating two powerful Catholic monarchies through the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille. In 1492, the two Catholic leaders launched the Inquisition to make Spain, once part of the Ottoman Empire, into a fully Catholic country. Their efforts spawned the Reconquista, an era fueled by violence and religious intolerance as Spain sought to expel all Jews and Muslims from its borders. Amidst this political climate and activity, Ferdinand and Isabella granted a Genoan explorer, Christopher Columbus, funding to expand Spains empire. 1492: Americas Indians Encounter the Spanish After he landed on the islands we know today as the Bahamas, Columbus explored the island of Hispaniola where he met the lands native inhabitants. He and his crews returned to the Caribbean three more times. Columbuss so called discovery offered Spain tremendous opportunities for wealth, particularly from the mining of gold and silver. It also provided new soil for European plants like sugar, cof